Cách sử dụng từ "by"

This was painted by Picasso

By là một giới từ đa dụng có thể được dùng trong nhiều hoàn cảnh khác nhau. Hôm nay chúng ta sẽ xem một số ứng dụng cơ bản của từ "by":

Chúng ta dùng "by" để biểu thị việc gì đó được làm:

• We send a postcard or a letter by post.
• We contact someone by phone or by email.
• We pay for something by credit card or by cash.
• Something happens by mistake, by accident or by chance.

We use by to show how someone travels:

• They came by car/ by taxi/ by train/ by plane.

Ghi chú: không sử dụng ‘the’, ‘my’ hay ‘a’ khi bạn dùng ‘by’. Thay vào đó bạn dùng:

• ‘She passed her test by studying hard.’
• ‘I got into the house by using my key.’

‘By’ trong câu bị động 

Trong câu bị động, chúng ta dùng by để biểu thị ai hoặc cái gì thực hiện hành động:

• ‘This was painted by Picasso.’
• ‘This house was built by my grandfather.’
• ‘I was invited by Sarah.’

‘By’ với tính tư 

By có thể được dùng sau những tính từ:

• ‘We were surprised by the news.’
• ‘I was shocked by his death.’
• ‘She was astonished by his request’.

• ‘They were impressed by my exam result.’ (‘with’ can also be used)

‘By’ dùng như ‘next to’

By được dùng có nghĩa là ‘next to’ hoặc ‘beside’.

• ‘My dog came and sat by me.’
• She sits by the window in her class.

Dùng ‘by’ để chỉ ‘an amount’

Hãy xem những cách dùng khác của by:

• ‘He is older than me by 3 years.’
• ‘We sell tomatoes by the kilo.’

‘By’ dùng như ‘no later than’

• ‘Give me your homework by Friday.’
•  ‘The boy must be in bed by 9 o’clock.’

‘By’ dùng như ‘alone’

Đây là những cách biểu thị ai hay cái gì đó ở một mình:

• ‘I stayed at home by myself and read the newspaper.’
• ‘The cat opened the door by himself.’

Bây giờ bạn đã hiểu các cách dùng ‘by’ rồi, hãy thử làm bài tập dưới đây. 

Sử dụng những từ sau để hoàn thành câu:

train              a snake               mistake                  herself 

Monday        Beethoven          English ability         cash     

seconds         thousands

• The explorer was bitten by in the jungle.
• She fixed her washing machine by .
• This piece was composed by .
• He offered to pay for the damage by .
• The game was watched by of fans.
• She was quicker than me by 5 .
• I am impressed by your .
• Have the report on my desk by .
• Sorry, I stepped on your foot by .
• He travelled all the way by .